4/10/2023 0 Comments Oral gonorrhea symptoms![]() ![]() In August 2015 until May 2016, a cross-sectional study of MSM considered to be at high risk for gonorrhea infection was initiated in a research clinic. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with GC infections by anatomical sites among asymptomatic MSM. ![]() Screening for asymptomatic MSM has become standard of care in many developed countries but has not occurred in many developing countries, including Thailand. In fact, a Thailand national survey revealed 50 percent of those surveyed did not wear condoms when engaging in sexual intercourse. Sex education has been the largest contribution to fighting STDs in Thailand. The prevalence of gonorrhea among asymptomatic MSM was 6.1%, most frequent affected the anus. Thailand is a major area for STDs such as gonorrhea because of the growth of sex industry leading more and more antibiotic resistance. For instance, knowledge about how often MSM using condom during sex may help physicians for accurate risk assessment and counseling of persons at risk on ways to avoid STDs through changes in sexual behaviors and use of recommended prevention services. Knowledge of risk factors plays an important role in designing effective control measures and they are presumptive indicators for therapy. However, there are various risk factors associated with this infection are not clearly known among MSM including drug/ alcohol use, younger age, payment or receive for sex, symptoms of gonorrhea, and history of their partner STDs. There are many factors found associated with high prevalence rate of gonorrhea infection such as unsafe sex, HIV sero-positive, multiple partners, previous diagnosed STDs. gonorrhoeae, not all have a high sensitivity and specificity, particularly for extra-genital sites. ![]() There are a range of NAAT tests available for the detection of N. gonorrhoeae at extra-genital sites, and cases of gonorrhea may be missed. This leads culture to an unacceptable first line diagnostic or confirmatory test for N. The sensitivity of standard culture (the traditional gold standard) is greatly decreased at rectal and oropharyngeal sites. The prevalence of this infection varies by anatomic sites (urethral, rectal, and oropharyngeal) and the detection methods (gram’s stain, standard culture, and molecular test (Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests NAATs). In extra-genital sites, oropharyngeal and rectal infections are mostly asymptomatic and may be important in gonorrheal transmission among MSM. Asymptomatic gonorrhea is significantly common in men who have sex with men (MSM) which remains undiagnosed and untreated and may lead to a reservoir which can result in widespread transmission among multiple partners. Symptoms of gonorrhea are yellowish discharge from penis, burning sensation, dysuria, anal discharge and anal itching, erythematous exudate of pharynx, and sore throat. GC is treatable with administration of appropriate antibiotics albeit problem of antibiotic resistance is rising. Gonorrhea (GC) caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoeae is a high prevalent sexually transmitted disease (STD) in less-developed countries and lower and it is still substantial and increasing rates of disease in many developed countries. įunding: The authors received fund from The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D Program (RGJPHD) to JB from Thai Government.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. ![]() This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The dataset file (1-358GC-MSMs-DataSet) is available from Dryad database at URL. Received: JAccepted: JanuPublished: April 3, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Budkaew et al. Caylà, Agencia de Salut Publica de Barcelona, SPAIN Citation: Budkaew J, Chumworathayi B, Pientong C, Ekalaksananan T (2019) Prevalence and factors associated with gonorrhea infection with respect to anatomic distributions among men who have sex with men. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |